Background and Objective: Biological SOIL crusts are a collection of lichens, mosses, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc. that are part of the SOIL ecosystem. Estimation of density and distribution of biological SOIL crusts in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, which is the subject of SOIL erosion and wastage is very important. Methods based on remote sensing techniques are important in terms of cost and time less efficient methods to achieve this goal. Segzi plain is one of the critical points of wind erosion in Iran and identifying and determining the distribution of biological SOIL crusts as a SOIL modifier is an effective step in reducing wind erosion in the region. In this research, BSCI (Biological SOIL Crust) index has been used to prepare the distribution map of lichen-dominated biological SOIL crusts. Materials and Methods: The study area is part of the Sajzi Desert (Central Deserts of Iran) which is located in Isfahan province of Iran. The study area with an area of 199. 5 hectares is spread between the eastern lengths of 51o52'32" to 52o27'41" and the northern widths of 32o33'31" to 32o55'01". The average slope of Segzi plain is 1. 08 percent and its average height is 1680 meters. According to the statistics of East Isfahan Meteorological Station (Shahid Beheshti Station), the average annual rainfall in the region is 106 mm. According to the Dumarten climatic classification, the climate of the region is dry and according to the Amberge classification it is cold. The BSCI index is a combination of the relationships used to estimate vegetation and bare SOIL surface, and its mathematical relationship is the slope of the SOIL line. To calculate the SOIL line in an area, one must first separate the pixels that have bare SOIL and no vegetation. In order to calculate the SOIL line equation, in four seasons of a year, images of Landsat OLI 8 satellite related to 2018 were downloaded from the site of the US Geological Survey and 20 to 30 pixels of pure bare SOIL were extracted by drawing the reflection values of these pixels in the red and infrared band. Red near SOIL line coefficients were calculated for each season in the Segzi Plain. Based on BSCI index, lichen-dominated biological SOIL crust are identified using at least VIS-NIR spectral reflection and the slope between the red and green bands compared to bare SOIL and dry vegetation. Using ENVI software, the distribution shells of biological shells with lichen dominance were prepared in four seasons since 2018 in Segzi plain. Then, the prepared maps were validated based on land points and the total accuracy and kappa index were calculated in all four seasons. The collected lichen samples were identified based on their morphological characteristics and using a stereomicroscope, conventional microscope and common color reagents such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). After applying the BSCI index on the Landsat OLI 8 satellite image, using ENVI software, spectral profiles related to 4 points of Segzi plain in four seasons of the year were prepared and the spectral reflection in four seasons of the year in different points were examined. Results and Discussion: The slope of the SOIL line is lower in the rainy season, which coincides with the growth of herbaceous and annual plants, compared to the summer season, which has the least amount of rainfall, and the annual plants have dried up and become extinct. In May, the slope of the SOIL line was minimal (0. 39) and in late summer it has its maximum value (0. 78). In fact, the slope of the SOIL line has decreased from mid-August to May, and then has increased with the loss of annual vegetation and the increase of bare SOIL surface. The distribution maps of bio-shells in all four seasons of the year were validated during field visits and the year it was found that the highest accuracy of the map related to the map produced from Landsat 8 image is related to summer with 94% total accuracy and Kappa index equal to 0. 7412. Interpretation of the spectral profiles of the BSCI index shows that the reflections of the spectra related to the zephyr and strain prepared on the lichen dispersion points are very close to each other and also the spectral profiles of the mid-autumn and early spring are quite consistent. Whereas in the faults, which did not cover the biological crust, the amount of reflection was higher and there was a slight difference between the reflection diagrams of autumn and spring. Although the reflectance values of a range of agricultural lands and the distribution points of biological crusts are very close to each other, the spectral diagrams of all four seasons are very different from each other. But in all seasons of the year and in all places, the least reflection has occurred in the beginning of winter and the most reflection has occurred in summer. The climate of Segzi plain is Mediterranean and precipitation occurs in the cold season of the year. Simultaneously with the increase of precipitation from the middle of autumn, annual plants and mosses at the base of shrubs begin to grow and reach their peak in early winter and again at the beginning of spring. Decreases in rainfall have reduced their density. If the winter spectrum has the least reflection in all places. While in late summer, when the annuals and mosses have dried up, it has had the greatest spectral reflection. In Fasaran, which is a barren area and a landfill, it has shown its maximum reflection. Therefore, the BSCI index relative to the percentage of organic matter has a significant error in the detection of biological SOIL crust and where the organic matter is high may not provide accurate diagnosis of SOIL bioshells. Of course, since the BSCI index is defined for the detection of throat compounds in lichen tissues. The error rate for organic matter is reduced to a minimum. As it has been observed in the final map, there is no cover of biological SOIL crusts in Fasaran and only SOIL biological crusts are observed in the areas around Fasaran in the agricultural areas. In agricultural areas, due to human intervention and cultivation, the amount of annual plants is different from the field of natural resources in different seasons of a year have become. Conclusion: Spectral similarity of the most important SOIL surface, including vegetation, the involvement of human factors in increasing or decreasing SOIL organic matter, bare SOIL, etc. limits the efficiency of the BSCI index and therefore in the time period of satellite images and regional conditions have a great impact on It has the accuracy of BSCI index.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric PROPERTIES of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale with Attention Deficit Subscale of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this scale has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the scale is three factors and also the validity of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.

Dynamic SOIL PROPERTIES are very important topic in geotechnical earthquake engineering due to associated with dynamic loading. Probabilistic analysis of dynamic SOIL PROPERTIES is as effective tools to evaluate uncertainty of SOIL parameters. In this paper, Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is used for reliability assessment of dynamic SOIL PROPERTIES. For this purpose, a famous model is selected for predicting normalized shear modulus reduction and damping ratio curves. The selected stochastic parameters are internal friction angle, dry and saturated unit weight of SOIL which is modeled using normal probability distribution functions. To assess the reliability of dynamic SOIL parameters a computer model is developed for generating input parameter uncertainties. The results show that the shear modulus and damping ratio have more uncertainty for middle range of shear strain. The sensitivity analysis’ s results show that saturated unit weight is the most effective parameter in shear modulus and damping ratio.

SOIL solarization is a simple, safe, and effective method which controls SOIL born pests and seeds of many conventional noxious weeds. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of SOIL solarization on weed seed bank in Mashhad, Iran during summer 2007. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with two factors, solarization with Clear and black polyethylene sheets and non-solarized control, and identified species in seed bank, with three replications was used. In order to study effects of SOIL organic matter, water content and pH on weed seed bank, SOIL sample were taken and analysed in all plots. Eleven weed species was identified by studying weed seed bank which were mainly annual broad-leaves species. Results indicated that SOIL solarization with clear polyethylene sheets reduced weed seed bank significantly, but there was no difference between control and black polyethylene sheets. SOIL water content was significantly higher in SOIL covered with polyethylene sheets, but SOIL pH and total organic matter remained unchanged. There was a significant negative correlation between weed seed density and water content.

Background and Objectives: Detailed SOIL maps are an essential tool for achieving sustainable management. Despite advances in digital SOIL mapping and efforts to produce accurate maps, insufficient reliability of SOIL maps on many scales remains. Recent studies have focused primarily on remote sensing, which takes into account the characteristics of the subsurface of the SOIL. This study used a new interpolation method between subsurface characteristics and SOIL diagnostic PROPERTIES to increase the accuracy of the prepared maps. In this study, the production of SOIL maps with two approaches including use of geomorphic surfaces as well as the interpolation of subsurface characteristics of the SOIL in the Chalous region were examined. Materials and Methods: The study area with an area of 100 hectares in Bandar village is one of the functions of Kelardasht section of Chalous city in Mazandaran province. The thickness or depth of the upper / lower boundary of characteristic horizons or characteristic SOIL characteristics was used as a criterion for distinguishing SOIL map units. According to the Comprehensive American SOIL Classification System, there are six influential characteristics in the division of regional SOILs at the family level (Upper Combine horizon boundary, argillic horizon upper boundary, calcic horizon upper boundary, Malic horizon thickness, limestone or limestone thickness or the numerical interpolation of these features was used to generate thematic maps. The final SOIL map of the region was obtained by combining these six thematic maps. After mapping each of the SOIL PROPERTIES separately, all the prepared maps were crossed and a map of homogeneous units was obtained. In order to study and describe the spatial structure of the variables, a semivariogram was used. The existence of data trend and heterogeneity was also examined. After preparing the change curves, the selection of the best models was done using cross-validation method and RMSS index. Results: In order to prepare the SOIL map using the geomorphic surface method, out of 20 SOIL units identified, 12 SOIL units were of the same type and 8 units were of the community type. However, all 20 map units obtained by interpolation of subsurface features were of the same type. This method had high accuracy in drawing the boundary between SOIL units. The main differences between this method and traditional methods are in the production of detailed SOIL maps, the use of supervised automatic interpolation instead of manual interpolation, and the use of a set of quantitative indicators. Conclusion: One of the major advantages of this method is the use of internal characteristics of the SOIL as an auxiliary variable along with other climatic factors, topography, living organisms, parent material and time. This study underscored the importance of the role of factor s in the SCORPAN model and showed that the internal PROPERTIES of the SOIL, which are directly involved in SOIL classification, can be effectively used to separate SOIL units.

One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

Facilities built in areas affected by earthquake activity, such as tunnels, which have always been an integral part of human life, must withstand both dynamic and static loading. It has led to the need for practical studies on the effects of earthquakes on underground structures and the factors affecting their destruction. For this purpose, in this research, at first different patterns of tunnel’s excavation were investigated and by using Plaxis 2D software and based on Tabas earthquake in Iran, sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the SOIL surrounding tunnel such as cohesion, friction angle, unit weight and modulus of elasticity was carried out, and the parameters whose changes have the greatest and least effects on the bending moment changes on the tunnel lining are introduced. The results show that tunnel excavation patterns significantly affect the bending moment, axial forces, displacements, and surface settlement of the tunnel. Often, by dividing tunnel excavation area to small parts, the values of bending moment, axial forces, displacements, and surface settlement of the tunnel decreases in static analysis. Also, outputs of sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the SOIL surrounding tunnel showed that modulus of elasticity of the SOIL surrounding tunnel has the most effect and cohesion changes have the least effect on bending moment induced on tunnel lining..